Glossary

Abstract: A paragraph or two that summarizes an article, book, website or other information source. Online periodical indexes often provide abstracts of articles that are not available full-text. The authors of research articles in scholarly journals write their own abstracts in which they provide important keywords and results of their research.
Bibliographic Record: The online catalog is a database that contains information about materials in a collection. Each item has it's own record. The information about the item on the record is referred to as the bibliographic record. Often used synonymously with record, but the bibliographic record refers specifically to the information that describes the item.
Bibliographic Citation: The defining characteristics of an information source, like books, articles, videos, and government documents. For a book, the minimum information is: author, title, city of publication, publisher, and date of publication. For an article, the basic information is: author of article, title of article, title of publication, volume/issue, date, page number.
Information about the source should be arranged consistently, following an established style found in Style Manuals.
Bibliography: The list of works cited by an author at the end of an article, paper, book, or other research-based writing. There are also specialized subject bibliographies, published separately as books.
Books: Many types, here are two types:: Academic/Scholarly books: Written by scholars, cover academic/scholarly topics, published by an academic/scholarly press. Always include a bibliography, and frequently include other features such as chronology, glossary, resources. College and university libraries purchase primarily academic books. As a rule, for college-level work, students should use academic books.
Popular Press Books: You know what these are! May focus on a specific topic but in a lighter manner than academic books. Author may or may not have academic credentials. There may or may not be a list of sources. Popular press books may or may not be appropriate for college-level work; it really depends on your topic.
See also, Reference Books.
Boolean Operators: Search modifiers used to connect keywords in a database search. The most common Boolean operators are and, or, not. Some databases use and not instead of not; some databases use a + sign instead of and. Read database search tips to get the most out of your searching.
Browser: Desktop software that allows you to view web pages. Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, and Mozilla's Firefox are example of browsers.

Call Number: The letters and numbers assigned to a book to give it a unique location in the library. Two common systems for call numbers are Dewey Decimal, which is used by public libraries and some colleges, and The Library of Congress, which is the system used by most college and university libraries.
Catalog (Library Catalogs) Also called Catalogs, Book Catalogs, OPACs, Online Catalogs.: A database that contains records for items that a library owns, such as books, videos, reserve materials, reference books, and government documents. The catalog is searchable by a variety of fields, including keyword, author, title and Library of Congress Subject Heading. Online Library catalogs usually include a "Your Record" feature that allow users to log in and see what they have checked out, renew their materials, etc.
Circulating: This means that the item may be checked out. Some Reserve items and videos circulate only within the library.
Check Out Desk (Also called Circulation Desk): Located just inside the library's main door, the circulation desk is where you go to check out and return books, videos, and reserve materials; pick up items borrowed from Summit or interlibrary loan, ; look for lost-and-found items; borrow white board erasers and markers for use in the study rooms; and more.
Citation: Information given in an index or catalog that provides specific and unique information about an item. The citation may include the article title, periodical title, book title, place of publication, publisher, volume, pages, and date. Citations are formatted following a specific set of rules or styles, such as MLA, APA, or CBE.
Citing Sources: A hallmark of using information ethically, citing sources refers to giving credit to authors whose work you use. Citations are usually written following standard format from a style manual, such as MLA.
Client: In computing terms, a client is a the computer requesting something from a remote location. In other words, your PC, connected to the internet, is a client. Your client PC requests things -- login, web pages, images, files, from servers on the internet. This activity is know as a client/server relationship.
Client/Server: "An architecture in which one computer can get information from another. The client is the computer that asks for access to data, software, or services. The server, which can be anything from a personal computer to a mainframe, supplies the requested data or services for the client." (http://www.computeruser.com/resources/dictionary/)
Controlled Vocabulary: Uniform language useful for performing more specific searches in online databases. The Library of Congress Subject Headings is an example of the controlled vocabulary used specifically for Library Book Catalogs. Compare with natural language.
Copyright: A copyright establishes ownership of information. Copyrighted information is often stamped with the copyright symbol, but not always. Always assume that information belongs to someone and give credit to the original author by citing the source.

Database: A searchable collection of information, usually in electronic format. Each unique item in a database is stored in a record, which have one or more searchable fields. Records in a database often have something in common with each other. For example: The Library Book Catalog is a database of records for items that are owned and located at a specific library. Research Library Complete, a periodical index, is a ProQuest database containing records of articles in newspapers, magazines and journals.
Deep Web: See invisible web.
Dewey Decimal System: A method or organizing books in public school libraries, public libraries and some college libraries. Dewey Decimal System call numbers start with numbers, like this: 658.409 F862g 2004 The first line of numbers represents the subject of the books.

Another organization system used in university and college libraries is the Library of Congress Classification System.
Dictionary: A book that gives the definition of words. Dictionaries are usually located in the reference collection. Dictionaries may be general (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary) or focused on a specific subject (Dictionary of Economics). Some dictionaries are available in online databases: Oxford English Dictionary Online is a subscription database available to Clark College students. Merriam Webster's Online is an example of a free web-based encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia: A compendium, or collection, of information. Like dictionaries, encyclopedias can be general (Encyclopedia Britannica) or focused on a specific subject (Encyclopedia of Life Sciences). Some encyclopedias are available online in online databases: Encyclopedia Britannica is a subscription database often available from through your library's web site; The Columbia Encyclopedia is an example of a free web-based encyclopedia.
Fields: In a database, information on records is organized into individual sections, or fields. In the online catalog, fields include author, title, subject headings, and contents.
Finding Tools: Refers to tools commonly used to locate information sources. Common types of Finding Tools are: Catalogs, Periodical Indexes, and Web Search Tools.
Floppy disk: Hard-cased 3.5" disk used for storing and carrying digital information. The disk goes itno the "A:" drive of desktop computers. See also USB Flash Drive.

http: Acronym for HyperText Transfer Protocol, the set of "rules" used by the internet to move files from web servers and make them readable in a web browser (such as Internet Explorer). All Web pages have addresses that begin with http://, but most browsers put in the http:// automatically. For example, http://www.clark.edu/Library is the same as www.clark.edu/Library.
https: A secure version of http, which stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.
Index, Periodical Index: An index can be a couple of things. An index in the back of a book gives you access to the contents of a book. Similarly, a Periodical Index provides access to the contents (articles) in magazines, journals and newspapers.

A periodical index usually provides access to several hundred or thousands of different titles of periodicals. Some periodical indexes are general, meaning they provide access to periodicals on a variety of topics. EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier and ProQuest Research Library Complete are examples of general periodical indexes. Other periodical indexes are subject-specific, meaning they focus on a single subject. Medline (medicine) and ERIC (education) are example of subject-specific periodical indexes.

All periodical indexes provide the bibliographic citations for articles; some also include the abstracts. Other indexes provide the full-text of some (but usually not all) of the articles. EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier and ProQuest are examples of full-text periodical indexes.
Information Literacy: There are several definitions of information literacy, but they all basically mean the same thing: the ability to identify, access, and evaluate various types of information sources, and be familiar with the issues involved in using information in an ethical manner.
Interlibrary Loan: A service provided by libraries for borrowing books and articles from other libraries.
Interface: The term used to describe the look and feel of a search tool, such as a library catalog or periodicals index. Interface features include navigation aids, search boxes, placement and size of text, color, and overall ease of use.
Internet: The world-wide system of computers, linked through networks, that provides information transfer through a common set of protocol and standards. The internet provides data transfer for services such as email, file transfer, World Wide Web, and newsgroups.
Invisible Web: Information that resides on the Internet but cannot be searched by search engines because of layers of protocol or passwords. Most information in the invisible web is contained in databases, such as ProQuest Research Library Complete and EBSCOhost Academic Search Premier. Some estimates say there may be as much as 500 times as much information in the invisible web as in the visible web.
Journal, Scholarly: see Scholarly Journal

Keywords: Major words in the title, abstract or text or an information source. In databases, keyword is also a search feature that searches all the fields in a record. Keywords are also associated with natural language.
Library of Congress Classification System (LC): The system of letters and numbers used by many college and university libraries to organize materials by assigning call numbers. The letters on the first line of a call number represent the subject of the book. To see a list of the letters and what they mean, check out this LC List.
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH): A thesaurus, LCSH collects keywords and designates specific terms to use for searching by Subject in the online catalog. You can also use LCSH to find broader terms, narrower terms, and related terms for your subject. More information about the Library of Congress Subject Headings.
Magazine, Popular: see Popular Magazine
Microform: Refers to microfiche (flat rectangular sheets) and microfilm (roll) formats whereby print text is transferred onto film for preservation. Usually, older issues of periodicals are transferred to microform.
Natural Language: Often used interchangeably with keywords. Natural language are words you'd think of to use to search for information in databases. Compare natural language with controlled vocabulary, which are the "official" words designed by a thesaurus for searching subject fields in a database. For example, the Library of Congress Subject Headings designate specific words to use in the Subject search of the online catalog. (But you can also use the controlled vocabulary terms as keywords in other database.)
Online: Refers to accessing information, often a database, using a remote computer using a PC and an internet connection. The Cannell Library online catalog is one example of an online database.
Oversize Books: Reference to books that are too tall to fit on the "regular" shelves. You will often see this designation in library book catalogs.
Pearl Growing: The concept of using one source to lead you to many sources. For example, say you find an article in a journal that's right on your topic. Scan the references at the end of the article (might also be called the Bibliography, Work Cites, Sources, etc.) If you find interesting books or articles in the list, you can use the library's resources to locate those books or articles. If your library doesn't have the source, you can use Interlibrary Loan to obtain it.
Peer-Reviewed Journal: See Scholarly Journal
Periodical: Information published on a regular basis, such as daily, weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Scholarly Journals, Popular Magazines, and Newspapers are all periodicals. The term periodicals is often used interchangeably with the word serials. This image shows the relationship between all these terms:
Plagiarism: Black's Law Dictionary defines plagiarism as the "act of presenting another's works or ideas as your own." Put simply, plagiarism occurs when you use information and fail to provide information about the source of the information.
Popular Magazine: A periodical, usually written for a broad audience. Articles are on a variety of subjects. Articles are usually short, are written by journalists, and rarely (if ever) include a bibliography. Popular magazines include lots of advertisements and color photos. Examples are Time, Newsweek, Mother Earth News. Contrast with scholarly journals.
Primary Source: A first-hand account, or the first appearance of information in print. For example, personal letters, diaries, and interviews are primary sources. Also, an article appearing in a scholarly journal reporting on the results of a research project or study is also a primary research study. Compare with secondary source.
Print: Ink on paper; not electronic. A book is a print resource. The Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature in book form is a print index.
Proximity Indicators: When searching online databases, proximity indicators take the place of Boolean operator and by appolwing you to specify how close together you want the two words to be. For example: chocolate and deforestation will retrieve records where both those words appear anywhere in the record searched; chocolate w/5 of deforestation literally means "find with word chocolate within 5 words of the word deforestation." The number can be any number: w/1, w/20, etc. Syntax changes from database to database, so check the Search Help for the exact format.

Record: Details about unique items stored in a database. For example, the library catalog (a database) provides information (records) about each item in the library. Records have many fields, such as the author field, the title field, the subject headings field. A collection of records is a database.
Refereed Journal: See Scholarly Journal
Reference: The process of answering the questions of library patrons about research or finding information; the section of the library in which this interaction takes place.
Reference Book: Include dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks, statistics sources, etc. Reference books may be general, which means they cover a variety of topics, like the World Book Encyclopedia, or they may be focused on a specific subject, such as the Dictionary of American History, or the CQ Researcher. Some reference books are also available in online databases; CQ Researcher Online is an example. Reference books cannot be checked out. See also books.
Reference Librarian: A faculty member who has studied the field of library science at the graduate level. A librarian is skilled in using print and electronic resources and is the person to ask for research assistance in the library.
Research: Diligent and thorough inquiry and investigation into a subject. Research is a process that includes grasping the scope of the topic, using appropriate print and electronic sources, asking the reference librarian for help, and making use of bibliographies given by other authors.
Research Process: A systematic method for locating information in a variety of sources. The research process includes Defining your purpose, collecting background information, locating and evaluating resources, andproperly citing your sources.
Reserve Materials: A collection of materials for use by all students in a class. Any type of material that a professor deems appropriate may be put on reserve. Use the Library Catalog to find out what is on reserve and to get the call number.

Scholarly Journal: A periodical in which the articles are written by scholars, for other scholars. Articles are often lengthy, report on original research, and include a list of work cited. Scholarly journals are devoted to a specific subject, such as Journal of the American Medical Association, or Political Science Review. There are no or few advertisements because journals are usually sponsored by a non-profit agency, such as university or an organization. Because the decision about what gets published is made by other scholars in the field, scholarly journals are often referred to as refereed or peer-reviewed.
Search Engine: In common usage, a web tool that examines the contents of web pages (and possibly other types of internet sources) stored in a database. Web pages are added to the databases by spiders, or search bots (programs) that automatically search the internet for new web pages. There is no interaction or evaluation of sites by people.
Search Strategy: The combination of keywords and Boolean operators designed to get the best results from a database.
Secondary Source: As compared to primary source, a secondary source does not include first-hand account. For example, a diary is a primary source. A biography based on information in the diary is a secondary source.
Serials: A synonym for periodicals.
Server: Computers on the internet that provide information requested by other computers. For example, if you follow a web link on your PC, your PC is a client, and a computer on the internet serves -- or transfers -- the files for that web page to your PC. This activity is also known as client/server relationship.
Style Manual: A book that provides instructions for formatting a paper, with regard to footnotes, bibliographies, pagination, citing sources, etc. Ask your instructor which style manual you are to use. The most commonly used style manuals are the following:

* A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Also called Turabian)
* MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
* Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Also called APA)
Subject Directories: A database of web sites usually sharing a common theme, compiled (and sometimes evaluated) by people.
Summit Catalog: Summit is a library catalog that provides a single database for searching the combined collections from more than 40 academic libraries in the Pacific Northwest and requesting items to borrow. Borrowed items are delivered in 2-3 days.
Truncation: Used to increase retrieval in a database, truncation refers to locating the root, or stem, or a word, and adding a symbol, such as an * . For example, genetic* will look for genetic, genetically, genetics. Truncating is often used interchangeably with the words stemming and wildcards, but in many databases these three things perform different functions. Check the Search Help screen in each database to determine what symbol to use and how to use it effectively.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): On the World Wide Web, a URL is the "address" of a web page. In the example below, the URL for Cannell Library is shown in the address box of a browser window:
USB Flash Drive: Small, portable memory device for storing and carrying digital information. The deice is inserted in a USB port of a PC tower, keyboard, or monitor. Flash drives are also known as thumb drives, jump drives, memory sticks, and many other names. Less expensive flash drives hold 128 megabytes of information; more expensive ones can hold as much as 16 gigabytes.
Web Search Tools: Include search engines, web directories, meta-search tools, web portals and specialty searches.
World Wide Web: Information residing on the internet that is based on Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) to provide a common protocol and interface. One of the defining features of WWW is the use of hyperlinks to navigate between pages and information sources.

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